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Transmutation of species
Transmutation of species or Transformism are terms often used to describe 19th-century evolutionary ideas for the altering of one species into another that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.〔Sloan, Phillip, "Evolution", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), (online )〕 The French ''Transformisme'' was a term used by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in 1809 for his theory, and other 19th century proponents of pre-Darwinian evolutionary ideas included Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Robert Grant, and Robert Chambers who anonymously published the book ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation''. Opposition in the scientific community to these early theories of evolution, led by influential scientists like the anatomists Georges Cuvier and Richard Owen and the geologist Charles Lyell, was intense. The debate over them was an important stage in the history of evolutionary thought and would influence the subsequent reaction to Darwin's theory.
==Terminology==
Transmutation was one of the names commonly used for evolutionary ideas in the 19th century before Charles Darwin published ''On The Origin of Species'' (1859). Transmutation had previously been used as a term in alchemy to describe the transformation of base metals into gold. Other names for evolutionary ideas used in this period include ''the development hypothesis'' (one of the terms used by Darwin) and ''the theory of regular gradation'', used by William Chilton in the periodical press such as ''The Oracle of Reason''.〔Secord, James A. 2000. ''Victorian sensation: the extraordinary publication, reception, and secret authorship of the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation''. Chicago, p311〕 ''Transformation'' is another word used quite as often as transmutation in this context. These early 19th century evolutionary ideas played an important role in the history of evolutionary thought.
The proto-evolutionary thinkers of the 18th and early 19th century had to invent terms to label their ideas, but it was first Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter who used the term "transmutation" to refer to species who have had biological changes through hybridization.〔http://plorenzano.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/xxi-joseph-gottlieb-kc3b6lreuter-plorenzano.pdf〕
The terminology did not settle down until some time after the publication of the ''Origin of Species''. The word ''evolution'' was quite a late-comer: it can be seen in Herbert Spencer's ''Social Statics'' of 1851,〔There are three examples of the word 'evolution' in ''Social Statics'', but none in the sense that is used today in biology. See ()〕 and there is at least one earlier example, but it was not in general use until about 1865-70.
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